Armour supposedly made for Cardinal Ascanio Sforza (Armeria Reale, Turin). Fortress of Ostia, built for Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere. Titian, Pope Alexander VI presenting papal banner and Jacopo Pesaro to St Peter (Koninklijk Museum voor Schöne Kunsten, Antwerp). Tomb sculpture (anon.), Roberto Malatesta, papal commander (d. Medal of Sixtus IV commemorating the recapture of Otranto, 1481, obv. Mino da Fiesole, detail of tomb of Cardinal Niccolò Forteguerri (Santa Cecilia, Rome). Marcantonio Raimondi, engraved profile of Pope Pius II (based on medal by Andrea Giacolati) (Warburg Institute). (British Museum, Department of Coins and Medals). Cristoforo di Geremia, medal of Cardinal Ludovico Trevisan, commemorating the Battle of Anghiari, 1440, obv. ‘Portrait’ of Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi, with helmet and baton (anon., seventeenth century) (Tarquinia, Palazzo Comunale). Detail of fresco (anon., seventeenth century) (Tarquinia, Palazzo Comunale). Artist’s conception of the proposed equestrian statue of Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi. Towards modern times: the armed challenges of Napoleon and the Risorgimento The last phase of the Renaissance papacy, 1549–65 Paul III: war, peace, reconstruction, 1534–49 ‘Out with the barbarians!’ (2): the road to victory, 1511–13Ħ Post-Julius: the late Renaissance papacy and war, 1513–65 ‘Out with the barbarians!’ (1): failure against Ferrara, 1510–11 Innocent VIII (1484–92): the Neapolitan Barons’ War and OsimoĪlexander VI (1492–1503): French invasion and Cesare Borgia’s campaigns ISBN 10: 1 84511 178 8 ISBN 13: 978 1 84511 178 6 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Typeset in Stone Serif by Dexter Haven Associates Ltd, London Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwallġ ‘Dux et Pontifex’: the medieval centuries 2 Relapse and Renaissance, 1305–1458ģ Pius II (1458–64): warmaker and historian of warĤ God’s work or the Devil’s? Papal wars, 1471–1503 Introduction: the middle age of the Renaissance papacy Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © D.S. Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 In the United States and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St. THE MILITARY CHURCH IN RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE 1: The Gathering Storm (London, 1949), p.121 “The Pope? How many divisions has he got?”’ Joseph Stalin, 1935, quoted by Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. ‘Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest’s servant, and cut off his right ear.’ John, XVIII, 10 ‘Cursed be he that keepeth back his sword from blood.’ Jeremiah, XLVIII, 10
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